Table 2 The recommendations within several international and LMIC national economic evaluation guidelines on perspective to use within an economic evaluation
From: An overview of the perspectives used in health economic evaluations
Sources | Recommendation |
|---|---|
Key international guidelines | |
 WHO-CHOICE (2003) [55]  WHO-CHOICE (2017 update) [20] | Societal perspective (but excluding productivity costs) Health system perspective |
Disaggregated societal perspectivea | |
Country guidelines/reference casesb | |
 Thailand: Guideline for Health Technology Assessment in Thailand Updated Edition 2019 [61] | Societal perspective (health care provider perspective can be used as a secondary perspective) |
 India: Health Technology Assessment in India A Manual [62] | Disaggregated societal perspective |
 Egypt: Guidelines for Reporting Pharmacoeconomic Evaluations 2013 [63] | Healthcare system perspective |
 The Philippines: Philippine HTA Methods Guide—Methodological standards in evaluation of health technologies in the Philippines 1st edition 2020 [64] | Publicly funded health care payer perspective |
 Indonesia: Indonesian Health Technology Assessment Committee (InaHTAC) Guideline [65] | Both societal and provider perspectives are considered |
 Brazil: Methodological Guidelines: Economic Evaluation of Health Technologies 2014 [15] | Healthcare system perspective (service payer/purchaser). Societal perspective is also recommended as an additional analysis |
 Malaysia: Pharmacoeconomic guidelines 2nd edition 2019 [66] | Payer/budget holder perspective (in Malaysia’s context, this is the same as health care provider) |
 Republic of Ghana: Reference Case for Health Technology Assessment (HTA) 1st edition 2023 [11] | Societal perspective. However, the perspective could be that of the government (defined to include the public-funded health system or the National Health Insurance Authority) |
 Russia: Guidelines for conducting a comparative clinical and economic evaluation of drugs 2018 [14] | Health care payer perspectives |
 South African: Health Technology Assessment Methods Guideline v1.2. Essential Drugs Program (EDP) 2022 [11] | Public health system |
 Colombia: Manual para la elaboración de evaluaciones económicas en salud 2014 [67] | National health system perspective |
 China: China Guidelines for Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation (CGPE) 2020 [68] | Health system and societal as the primary perspectives |
 Mexico: Economic Assessment Study Guideline for Updating The National Formulary in Mexico 2017 [69] | Public health sector/institutions |
 Cuba: Methodological Guidelines for Health Economic Evaluation 2003 [70] | Societal, government, or patient perspectives |