Figure 2

ORASEL value chain per packet. Blue bars show cumulative value of the product at each point in production. Rightward arrows all add value to the product. Leftward arrow shows that PSI subsidizes the product by $0.43 to promote distribution. Retail services by SPH providers add $0.12. Total value of all rightward arrows is the social cost of ORASEL and comes to $0.66 + $0.12 = $0.78.